Abstract: In The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Marx made a deep theoretical explanation of the alienation relationship between man and labor, man and man, man and nature under the capitalist system, and put forward a sharp ecological criticism. It is pointed out that nature is the natural premise and biological basis for human existence and development, man is an organic component of nature, and labor production is the real link between realistic relationship of human beings and nature. The existence of private ownership in capitalist society leads to the emergence of alienated labor, which intensifies the oppositional conflicts between man and nature. To overthrow the capitalist system, eliminate private ownership, establish communism and realize the effective combination of naturalism and humanitarianism is the fundamental way to solve the problem of human and nature.The ecological criticism of the alienation of capitalist labor by young Marx's Manuscript is of great significance to the construction of ecological civilization in China.

Key words: Marx, The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, man and nature, alienated labor, communism