There were two major ways to deliver personal letters in Song dynasty, by official or civil. The latter one can be divided into two ways: passing through someone, i.e., special messenger, or asking other people to transfer the letters. This paper is trying to use the case of the letters between Zhu Xi and the officials, friends, students and others to discuss the influence and defects of the way the letters being delivered according to the above mentioned three ways. Besides, the paper also tries to figure out the cost of time of delivering letters and the problems of leaking privacy.

In the early years of Jianyan and Shaoxing period in Southern Song, the national defense situation was tense in the Jinghu War Zone. Because of the Southern Song central government’s inefficient management over the each armed forces, there was no such military system to unite the army. With the Southern Song’s Fanzhen policy being partly resumed, the armed forces in Jinghu war zone were gradually united in the course of the rise and abolishment of the policy, Yue Fei's Army was initially formed. In the 6th and 7th year of Shaoxing period, Yue Fei was appointed as the Commander of Jingxi-Hubei region, setting up office space in Ezhou after his successful northern expedition, the “Xuanfushi-Zhutongzhi” leading system was formed. Under the opportunity of the Peace Negotiation between the Southern Song and Jin, the three major military officers’ power was recalled by the Southern Song central government, which removed the threat of military officers' power to the centralized Southern Song government. Southern Song government abolished the positions, such as Xuanfushi, Zhizhishi etc. except Anfushi. Therefore, Ezhou Dutongsi became the top military organization in Jinghu war zone.

This paper makes a comprehensive survey and comparison of the characters used in the bamboo slips of Guodian Chu tomb and the bamboo slips of Shanghai Museum. It is found that there are great differences in the usage of the characters in the two unearthed Ziyi, and the usage ratio of the original characters is obviously lower than that of the handed down characters the Warring States Period, not only the “abnormal characters” of the various vassals, but also the abnormal characters of the same vassals were very serious. Therefore, after the unification of the Qin Dynasty, it is very necessary to “write with the same text” which not only solves the problem of the abnormal shape of the characters in the various kingdoms, but also effectively preserves the ideographic features of the Chinese characters.

Through the discussion of the incineration sacrifice, the object of the incineration sacrifice is the ancestor god, and the next incineration is related to the prayers and other activities in time and place. It can be seen that these sacrifices are sometimes carried out at the same time and in the same place, especially the association of incineration and prayers, and can also be obtained in the literature of the passing of the world. In addition, the analysis of the sacrificial occasions of the incineration also helped us to understand the nature of the incineration; finally, according to the examples of the inscriptions and the special words “Chen” and “Kan”, and the form of the form of the word, the word “incineration” was used as a form of form and example. It is therefore concluded that the word “burning” is the word “fire”, which means burning fire and burning yellow. In view of this, the nature of the incineration is a kind of “temporary sacrifice” activity which is carried out at the same time with the sacrifice.

The “drip-irrigation” ideological and political education in colleges and universities is a creative transformation and innovative development of modern agriculture drip irrigation technology in the process of educating people in colleges and universities. Judging from the essential characteristics, the “drip-irrigation” ideological and political education in colleges and universities is a fine-educational education with meticulous guidance and nuanced meticulousness. Penetrating education with gradual and continuous nourishment is a highly effective education that aims at the right medicine and seeks truth. Seen from the core concept, the “drip-irrigation” ideological and political education in colleges and universities adheres to the concept of a student-oriented quality education, the moral education concept of moral education, and the individual education philosophy of respecting differences. Judging from the way of realization, the “drip-irrigation” ideological and political education in universities adopts the virtue-based approach of teaching students with the virtues of morals, active guidance approaches, and imperceptible environmental education methods.

At present, our society attaches great importance to the early childhood education & care(ECEC)of children aged 0~3, and the demand for early education and care services is greatly increasing. However,the lack of qualified professionals engaged in early education, both in quantity as well as in quality, have become an important factor that hinders the healthy development of ECEC. On the basis of investigating the present situation of ECEC demand in China, the paper explores the practical experience of ECEC pioneers in China. The authors also sort out of policies and regulations of ECEC accreditation, training system of professionals and the cases of policy practice in Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries. The paper tries to put forward the necessity of starting to have China’s own professional standards for Early Childhood Edu-carer which will assure the ECEC in China in a right track while it’s developing dramatically. In the end, it recommends that the government and academia should draw the policy framework and encourage some pilot projects in education institutions and community centers supervised by local governments.

The promotion of coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region cannot be separated from the top-level design of regional governance. This paper combines the theory of CAS and the theory of regional governance to construct the regional governance system of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, and analyzes the CAS features such as diversity, aggregation, flow and nonlinearity of the system.Then based on the "B-Z" reaction equation, the evolution model of the system is established, and the evolution law and coordination mechanism of the system are discussed. In the evolution and development of the regional governance system of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, the role of the system coordination mechanism is very important. Therefore, it is imperative to build a Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional governance system and digital governance-sharing platform and coordinate the relations between government, market and society and other adaptive subjects in order to achieve better governance in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and promote regional coordinated development.

Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic development depends on the good flow of capital. An improved FH model is introduced to consider that economic growth and government intervention affect not only the rate of spontaneous capital investment but also the propensity of saving investment. Based on the data analysis of capital flows in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region using by the improved FH model, the capital flow level in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has gradually increased. The impact of economic growth and government intervention on savings investment is also weak. Relative to government intervention, economic growth has a greater impact on capital flows. Different cities have different rates of spontaneous investment and marginal investment, and their capital flows are different.

The synergetic development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional tourism and smart tourism are both hot topics in the development of Chinese tourism industry. However, there are still few researches on the relationship between them. So this research focuses on the driving effect of smart tourism on the synergetic development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional tourism, and analyzes the driving mechanism and explores the implementation path. This research finds that the synergetic development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional tourism has the characteristic of “unbalanced synergy”. The unbalanced regional tourism development restricts the synergetic development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional tourism fundamentally. It is necessary to change the unbalanced condition of regional tourism development as soon as possible, if the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional tourism wants to realize long-term effective synergetic development. Smart tourism will promote the synergetic development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional tourism by innovation mechanism, learning mechanism, knowledge management mechanism, resources integration mechanism and sustainable development mechanism. Beijing, Tianjin and especially Hebei have to grasp the development opportunity of smart tourism and explore the development path suitable for their own, which will promote the great-leap-forward development and speed up the synergetic development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regional tourism.

When studying the impact of aging on the consumption inequality, the most difficult point is how to adjust the age effect, i.e., how to eliminate the cohort effects and how to deal with the interference of age-related factors. For this reason, we calculate a new age-adjusted Gini coefficient by using the CHIP urban survey data from 1995 to 2013. First, we employ a multivariate regression model to isolate the age effects while controlling other determinants of consumption constant. Then, the consumption distribution of perfect equality is determined and age-adjusted Gini coefficient is derived finally. In this way, we eliminate the interference of age-related factors and accurately estimate the impact of aging on consumption inequality. The results show that:(1)The age-adjusted Gini coefficient is gradually increased, showing the trend of consumption inequality of urban residents in China is enhanced after excluding the influence of aging.(2)The classical Gini coefficient is always smaller than age adjusted Gini coefficient, indicating that the aging of urban residents in China has a negative effect on consumption inequality.(3)The age effect of consumption inequality of urban resident is at a low level but the role of age effects in consumption inequality will become more apparent in the future.

The study of sources of liquidity risk and premium channels helps investors to understand and manage liquidity risks. This paper selects 300 stocks in 144 months from January in 2006 to December in 2017 in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets as a sample, uses the liquidity-adjusted capital asset pricing model(LCAPM)to analyze the liquidity risk premium and premium channels in Chinas stock market. The results show that compared with the market risk, the liquidity risks have a more significant impact on the expected return of Chinas stocks, and the sensitivity of individual stock liquidity to the market return is the most important among the three liquidity risks, which is an important channel of liquidity risk premium. And there is little difference between the influence of two other channels. At the same time, the phenomenon of “flight to liquidity” also exists in the Chinese stock market. When the overall liquidity of the market declines, investors will choose to transfer investment funds from stocks with low liquidity to stocks with high liquidity, making the price of stocks with low liquidity drop sharply.

This paper firstly calculates the spatial spillover effect by introducing the spatial weight matrix of economic distance, and constructs a spatial Durbin model for enterprise R&D investment; then this paper presents an empirical analysis on the spatial dependence of enterprise R&D investment based on the data of large and medium-sized industry enterprises in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China. The results show that there is spatial dependence of enterprise R&D investment, the spatial lags of government R&D subsidy, enterprise R&D investment, and net profit positively affect enterprise R&D investment, that is, enterprise R&D investment, government R&D subsidies and net profits in other regions weighted by economic distance have positive impacts on enterprise R&D investment in local region.

As a financial innovation, venture capital plays an important role in economic development, while there is no consistent conclusion about the IPO effect of venture capital. Based on management quality, this paper makes use of listed company data of 2009-2015 to study the effect of these two variables on a firm’s IPO and post-IPO effect. This paper finds that venture capital can improve management quality, alleviate agency problem and information asymmetry to promote the standardization and rationalization of companys management behavior.

High-tech enterprises are the core carriers for the development of science and technology innovation. The influence of venture capital participation on high-tech enterprises is a long-term issue for both theoretical and practical circles. This article takes a sample of more than 30 high-tech sector listed companies in underdeveloped western regions with relatively slow economic development, focusing on the effect of venture capital on the performance of such companies, and providing them with the means to improve the development of venture capital industries high-tech industries in less developed regions. The study found that the positive effect of venture capital participation on the overall performance of high-tech companies is not ideal, but when venture capital investment in the target company is relatively high, it can indeed help improve its performance. This conclusion shows that the governments of underdeveloped areas must pay particular attention to the support of the venture capital industry, and formulate corresponding policies to support the development of high-tech industries, and give full play to the boosting effect of venture capital on high-tech and innovation.

Our country has entered the aging society. In response to healthy aging and achieving an effective way that the elderly have access to medical-nursing combined care model, it is important that the model achieves optimal allocation of resources. In the perspective of coupling theory, health service and pension service show a significant coupling characteristic which is the function coupling and structure coupling from low coupling to high coupling. Through the two coupling forms, medical-nursing combination promotes the organic integration that optimizes the resources to care the elderly healthily.

Based on The Special Questionnaire Survey on the Population in Poverty-stricken Areas of Hebei Province, this paper concluded that for families that have population outflow, family endowment differences leading to the migration are not fully able to improve family economic status, and family economic effect is not obvious. The family decision of population outflow should be based on the premise of ensuring the basic agricultural production. Then family can arrange the proper population outflow. From the macro aspect, outflow population cannot fully improve the economy of rural areas. The relationship between the scale of the outflow population and the rural economy is inverted U-shaped. The scale is one person in the family is more conducive to the rural economy on average. Based on this, this paper argues that, in the poverty-stricken areas, using the in-situ urbanization and the county transferring to achieve the relative concentration of the population is a considerable measure to realize sustainable development of household and regional economic competitiveness.

In the past 20 years, Japan’s countermeasures against the declining birthrate and aging population have been problem-oriented. It has undergone three changes and achieved initial success. With the rise of a new round of industrial revolution, Japan has once again converted its countermeasures to solve the population issues. It has adopted the principle of population stability and productivity improvement. It has changed the goal of population growth to the goal of talent growth. And it has also incorporated population policies into Super Smart Society vision. Drawing on Japan’s experience, China needs to accurately grasp the status quo of the population, expand its talent pool, optimize its industrial structure, and make full preparations to meet the enormous challenges of declining birthrate and aging society.

Whether the historical tradition of English unwritten constitution will continue inspires Bogdano’s deep thought. Because the interpretations of many classics of previous scholars decrease, while the framework of new written constitution still does not establish, it is in a transitional era. With the inheritance of coherent sense of crisis, The new English constitution provides us with a new approach of constitutional transformation with systematic reflections. This theoretical exploration of English constitutional practices, not only contributes to activate the vitality of British democratic politics, but also provides helpful references in theory and practice.